The Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge P.O. Box 964, Kaunakakai, HI 96748

    Despite our adventures into space, our superb transition from classical physics to relativistic physics, combined with a century of technological advancement of unsurpassed measure, and an uncanny understanding of the Cosmos as never before known, there seems to be one remaining enigma to science:  the mysterious force-at-a-distance, called magnetism.
    The word magnetism comes from the ancient Greek name for certain naturally occurring iron oxide stones called lodestones (loadstones).   These stones were thought to be first discovered in an ancient country in Asia Minor, called Magnesia, though legend attributes the discovery of lodestones to a Cretan shepherd who was so strongly attracted to the earth by his iron tacked sandals, and iron-tipped crook, that he dug to ascertain the cause.  Among the Greeks, Thales of Miletus (630 - 550 B.C.) is credited with a knowledge of the attractive power, which he attributed to the soul.
    These stones have the property of exerting forces on each other and on bits of iron or steel.  They also have the power of imparting their own distinctive properties to pieces of steel brought near them.  A piece of steel (for example, a steel needle) that has thus acquired the properties of the lodestone is said to be magnetized, and is called a magnet.  A lodestone or a steel magnet experiences a torque that tends to orient it in a particular direction on the earth.  This property led to the important invention, sometime before the middle of the 12th century A.D., of the mariner's compass.
    The earliest systematic investigations on magnets were made by Peter Peregrinus of Maricourt around 1269, he being highly respected by Roger Bacon as the master of experiment.  However, not until Queen Elizabeth's time did anyone know why the compass acted the way it did.  Then, in 1600, Dr. William Gilbert showed that the earth itself was one huge magnet, and attracted the ends of the magnetic needle of the compass.  To explain this he also had to explain that the two ends of the magnet have different kinds of magnetism, so that one end always points north and the other always points south.  He discovered so many other things about magnetism that the world honors him as the father of the scientific study of the magnet.
    In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted discovered that forces exist between a magnet and a wire carrying electric current. In the same year, Ampere found that related forces exist between to wires carrying electric currents.  Ampere suggested that the forces between magnets arise from the presence of circulating currents within the magnets.  This hypothesis has proven to be correct, the circulating currents consisting of electrons in their orbital and 'spin' motions in atoms.  Thus all magnetic phenomena are explained in terms of forces between electric charges in motion.  But this being the case, then what is the mechanism behind this behavior?

    In accord, it might be reasoned that given an evacuated bell jar containing two spiral configurations (spirals) of respectable spin, and hence magnetism, the only way these two spirals may magnetically interact is through some field within which, they reside.  If this field consists of surfaces, an unimaginable number of surfaces at all sorts of angles, a possible mechanism may be imagined.

    If the spin of spirals causes a twisting of such surfaces, the twisting will not be confined to the immediate area of each spiral, which would thus defeat any interactory possibilities, but extend away from and between spirals, the totality of the effect extending from one spiral to the other.  As each spiral affects the field, the field in turn affects each spiral.A spiral configuration is a field array consisting of only one simple wave which has reached a standing wave condition after repeated orbits around a central axis;  the red vector showing its original orbital direction before becoming a standing wave.  The simple wave, at its standing position is shown in red.  The blue line represents its axis of rotation.  The white spiral lines are surfaces which have been twisted by the repeated orbital rotations of the wave.  Because surfaces have no edges and are invisible, they are difficult to graphically illustrate.  If all the surfaces shown in this illustration were shown as complete surfaces, the illustration would be a hodge-podge of confusion, so surfaces are shown only where they intersect the plane of rotation of the orbiting wave.  Please realize that each of these lines as shown, extend infinitely outward, not shown for clarity.

    A simple wave is merely a wave moving from surface to surface throughout the field with a maximum velocity marking the center of the wave, and diminishing in magnitude away from center, marking its wave diameter.   A simple wave is not a surface, but the motion conducted by surfaces, which without the latter, no motion could occur.  In the adjacent illustration, the large blue vector represents the maximum speed of the wave through the field.

    Each spiral, as its name infers, spirals the field symmetrically around its spiral axis, as well as symmetrically to the once plane of rotation of the simple wave which is now locked in a fixed position somewhere along this plane.  If the observer were to look down the axis in one direction, the field would be twisted opposite in direction to what the observer would "see" looking down the axis from the other side of the spiral.  This is where we first discover the notion of polarity.

    If it were to be that a simple wave's variation of motion is caused by a variance in the collective orientation of field surfaces, such that it might assume a different orbital plane, and if such a plane finds itself closer to the other spiral, the observer would then recognize an 'attractive' response.  If the axes of both spirals are turned the same direction (essentially collinear and of the same polarity) the field surfaces between them will be collectively unwound to a certain extent, since their field surfaces are twisted in the same direction, thus becoming untwisted.  Consequently, their respective standing waves will tend to be deflected inward, more so than outward, causing their orbital planes to migrate inward towards each other.

    In this example, though the standing wave will be deflected as many times inward as outward, the collective deflection angles are greater inward than outward, merely because of the geometry involved and nothing else.  It is not a question so much of collective impulses, forces or anything else ordinary to physics.  The surfaces of the field to the exterior regions is just more greatly canted relative to the orbital axis than they are in the interior region between spirals.
    To the observer, the polarity of each spiral is facing the same way, which is equivalent to saying that unlike poles are facing towards each other, which begs the question if like poles face each other, will there be a hypothetical repulsion of spirals?  By laying out the deflection of the standing wave again as a flat projection, a much greater twisting of field surfaces occurs in the interior region between spirals than in the outside region, resulting in a persistent outward deflection of the respective standing waves, as a greater collective effect than an inward deflection.  This causes both standing waves to migrate away from each other, or what would be akin to a repulsive reaction.  To the observer, in this example, like poles are facing.

    In the above illustration, which shows only two surfaces for clarity, the twisting occurs because further away from the orbiting simple wave, they are affected less and less, more or less merging into the general contours of surfaces belonging to the random field.  Thus they become twisted as the orbiting wave dislodges their position.
    Initially, as the simple wave begins to spiral around the polar axis, such as a simple wave comprising a spiral configuration, the wrapping of field surfaces will be loose.  But with each orbital passage, the field surfaces will become wrapped tighter and tighter, since unlike a radial configuration, there is no opposite rotating wave which would otherwise unwrap the field.
    Given two such spiral arrays oriented such that their polar axes are collinear and their simple waves (l) rotating in the same direction, both waves together twist the ambient field surfaces in the same direction, causing the field to remain untwisted in the interior region lying between the orbital planes of these two configurations and modestly twisted in the two exterior regions as these twisted surfaces rejoin the unaffected field surfaces.

    The North and South symbols marking the respective directions of poles, evoke the left-hand rule with the thumb pointing north and the four fingers curved in the direction of spiraling.
    The following illustration is a cylindrical flat projection, the circumference of the cylinder corresponding to the orbital radius of wave centers corresponding to Configuration A and Configuration B in the above illustration.  The red arrows coming up from the bottom show the original direction of these simple waves prior to becoming standing waves.  The violet vectors show the direction and deflection of the standing waves at some arbitrary starting position.
    The standing waves are not moving in the direction of these vectors since they have achieved standing wave conditions, but mutually closing towards an approaching surface, which they will then impinge and undergo interchange;  in actually (hypothetically speaking) the surfaces are merely vibrating back and forth as a consequence of background noise and thus moving into the standing wave, which is also vibrating with background noise.
    In this first example, seventeen surfaces pass through the standing wave without undergoing interchange.   Finally, if interchange does take place, in this first example, with the eighteenth surface, the standing wave is re-directed orthogonal to that surface as shown (blue vector).
    Again, the standing wave does not so much move in the direction of the blue vector, but is impinged upon by surfaces coming from now, the opposite direction.  After eighteen surfaces pass through, it undergoes interchange and is re-directed orthogonal to this surface, as depicted by the green vector.  This whole process continues indefinitely, causing the standing wave, in this case the right-hand wave, to migrate to the left, as shown by the bold red arrow.

    The same sequence of events happens to the left-hand standing wave, as shown by its succession of violet, blue and green arrows, causing it to migrate to the right.
    As these two simple waves move, so does their respective orbital planes.
    Any number of surfaces may encroach and pass through a standing wave without the occurrence of interchange, being that there is a fifty-fifty chance with each encroachment, that interchange may occur.
    This couple consisting of two identical field configurations, is symbolized following:

    Its respective rule is:  orbiting waves traveling the same direction in close proximity which achieve standing wave conditions, will tend to move together.  In this case, unlike poles are facing each other.
    If  the spiral arrays are oriented such that their polar axes are collinear and their simple waves (l) rotating in the opposite directions, the field surfaces between them become extremely twisted, since each wave is twisting this interior region the opposite way.

    Because the interior field surfaces are greatly twisted by the passage of these opposing waves, if either of these waves were to find themselves directed into this region, their orthogonal re-directed return will be more severe than if they were to venture into the exterior regions.  Notice the red and violet vectors undergoing excursion into the exterior regions undergo a modest redirection back towards the orbital plane, in comparison to their excursion into the interior regions, where they experience a steeper outward deflection.  This causes both standing waves to migrate away from each other.
    This couple consisting of two mirrored field configurations, is symbolized following:

    The respective rule being:  orbiting waves traveling the opposite direction in close proximity which achieve standing wave conditions, will tend to move away.  In this case, like poles are facing each other.
    Any surfaces involved in this scheme, whether constituents to the radial arrays or the ambient field, which might be canted (surface shown in blue), will overall have no affect on these behaviors for standing waves precessing 360^o around their orbital circumference, since the deflection caused by canted surfaces is neutralized over the full 360^o of orbital rotation.

If in fact magnetism is the direct results of field twisting, in it may be theorized that the magnetism caused by electrical conduction of a circular coil, is the same.  Along magnetic lines, just as surfaces would be twisted by the presence of a standing wave, surfaces would find themselves twisted by the passage of electrons around the circular coil, so it is surmised.
    In the illustration to the right, a single surface passing near the center of the current loop is shown moderately twisted along the plane of the current loop, and less twisted on either side as it rejoins the ambient field.  This twisting is theorized to be the same in hypothesis to the twisting caused by a simple wave as it spirals the field, after successive orbits in reaching stability in becoming a standing wave.  In this case, the passage of electrons through the current wire are theorized to cause this twisting instead.
    Viewing this from the side (in this drawing from the back showing the electron moving counterclockwise through the wire), the original field surface (shown dashed) is theorized to be distended in some fashion.  The hashed area shows a possible range of bending of this surface;  being typical then of all surfaces passing through this region.  Only one surfaces is shown for clarity as it intersects the K-plane;  the K-plane being coplanar to the orbital plane of the electron.
    The degree of bending of each surface, as the electron passes through them, though not quantified, is presumably governed by the variation of state induced upon each surface by the passing electron, where both change in position and change in curvature of each surface is held to a minimum;  curve A representing minimal change in curvature and maximal change in position, and curve B representing minimal change in position and maximal change in curvature.
    Collectively, the entire field will conform to the slight displacement cause by the passing electron, producing a overall twist of the central region, which slowly diminishes in the amount of twist away from the orbital plane, making the region identical in twisting to a orbiting simple wave.  Though it remains uncertain as to what actually occurs, what does occur in both cases, are conditions quite similar to magnetic conditions.

     A straight current wire will also affect both a permanent magnet as well as a small coil.  At a point in the vicinity of such a wire, a small coil or magnet tends to turn so that its magnetic moment has a direction perpendicular to the wire and perpendicular to the radius from the wire to the point as shown in the illustration to the right.
    If we were to straighten out the current loop into a straight wire, in theory, the passing electrons would push the surfaces upward, as shown in the illustration on the right, causing a bulge.  If a orbital standing wave (l) is analogous to a small magnet, seen here orbiting through one of the many bulging surfaces, by observations as presented in the above Fig. 1, its orbit (seen as an ellipse) should remain on the fall line (dashed).  The fall line is any line of a family of lines crossing over the bulge and intersecting the straight wire.
    If the ellipse should somehow be pushed into position A/B (penetrating the bulging surface at points A and B respectively, since the return slopes of all adjacent surfaces are greater at either A or B, the ellipse will always be forced back to the fall line.
    This is geometric exclusion forcing standing wave planes to reorient themselves such that they are nearly coplanar to the straight wire;  something scientists observe as magnetic behavior. (1/8/01)
    Though there is no verification of theory at this present time, it might be possible to conduct a simple experiment, where a beam of light is altered as it passes through a twisted field produced by an electric current through two loops.
    Since at the present time there is no correlation between magnetic intensity and field twist, the loop current is unknown.  Superconductive coils may be required.
By comparing the affected beam, by use of beam splitters, against the source, some sort of interference variation might be detected.

    Bear in mind, photons, if they are indeed equivalent to simple waves, would move through surfaces along a straight path, that is, until they impinge and undergo interchange with a surface, at which point they would strike off in a new direction orthogonal to the last surface.
    Also, though the field in theory undergoes twisting, this causes no overall deflection of simple waves passing through it, since the field's appearance to the propagating wave is unchanged.   Understand that for every surface caused to become more tilted to the incoming simple wave, other surfaces which were too tilted for the wave to interact, come into play, maintaining a neutral orientation of the field to waves coming from any direction.
    In other words, if simple waves can only interact with surfaces which are tilted in any direction less than a certain angular amount, as they are tilted more than this threshold, other surfaces find themselves tilted less than this threshold, thus taking their place in the scheme of things.

    It is conceivable that a beam of light (l) directed through a region corresponding to the flowing electrical current (the red circular region in the above illustration) would encounter unique surface curvatures (as depicted by the vertical black lines) causing a variation photon paths, which might be observable as irregular dark and light interference patterns.
    The black vertical lines, represent a family of surfaces orthogonal to the light beam.  Of course, throughout the random field, there are countless sets of surfaces passing through this apparatus at every angle, presumably many of which have not conformed to the passing electrons in the circular loop.  The degree of this effect is therefor minimized by their presence, and may lead to unobservable results. (1/11/01)
    Certain liberties have been taken in this discussion, such as the assignment of axial directions of north and south, since they could have easily been denoted as A and B or + and -.  Clearly such correlation's between the hypothetical and the real prove nothing, but only serve to remind us of the prospects of some real profound analogies.  Also, their is no quantification of these gross deflections in terms of force, though this can be readily anticipated.
    If two spiral configurations undergo close axial approach, one of two things might happen, they will tend to be drawn closer together by these deflections acting on their principal waves respectively, or resist being forced to be made closer.  In short, they are acting like little magnets.  On can also assume that at extremely large distances, these deflections will be very weak or wholly negligible.  At extremely close ranges, such deflections would be more pronounced, no doubt reaching some maximum value (not infinite) corresponding to the number of affected surfaces in proportion to all surfaces involved, both ambient as well as twisted or untwisted surfaces.
    Invisible in this brief exposition, the relationships between twisted surfaces does not exclude the general conforming of surfaces to each other, viz., as surfaces intermingle, because of the constant collisions and hence interchanges between them and the resultant IDDIs, they gradually and immutably acquire each others shape, motion and curvature.  Because of this, it is not necessary for the planes of rotation for spiral configurations to be parallel nor their axes in line for these displacement actions to take effect.

    Polar twisting caused by a circulating current through a wire may be directly related to an orbiting electron in specified magnetic materials or to an orbiting simple wave of an atomic nucleus.  Other than a huge dimensional difference between a coil (measured in centimeters) and an orbiting electron or simple wave (perhaps measured in fermis), there is little distinction.   Both set up a twisted field symmetrical to the axis of rotation and of mirrored symmetry extending away from the orbital plane.
    If a series of atoms were arranged along a closed loop, the twisted field would also follow a closed loop or ring, exactly like the field of a toroid, providing the magnetic properties of the nuclei were polarized in the same direction.  In this example, five spiral configurations are shown, each caused by an orbiting simple wave.    If the simple waves associated with each spiral, were initially directed upwards through the center of the closed loop, before achieving standing wave conditions, an upwards bulging of surfaces would occur to the interior of the loop.   If these simple waves, as shown in five places along the ring, were initially directed downward, the bulging would be downward.
    The numerous surfaces cutting through this region, and equally affected, as to the one illustrated, producing a tubular region of deformed surfaces.  I say deformed surfaces, because to say that they are twisted, inside the ring, is incorrect.  Indeed, though it is a twisting process in affect here, the student must realize that the effect, the deformation of surfaces occurs just outside the ring.  This is where surface rejoin the overall field of surfaces not affected by these local conditions.
    It is because these surfaces are twisted in the same direction, no ambient affect inside the ring occurs from one nuclei to the next.  Inside the ring, there is virtually apparent twisting within the toroidal region, which is why the magnetic field within a toroid is zero, viz., there is none.  Any number of atoms may be included in this scheme, providing there is room.
    If one were to remove all but two spiral configurations or atomic nuclei from around the ring, and then align their axis along a straight line, thus creating a couple, the ambient field can now encroach both spirals of this couple from the exterior regions.  The interior region, will retain its original deformation and remain unaffected.  The standing waves relative to each spiral plane will tend to be deflected more so inwards than outwards, thus producing the magnetic effect of attraction, though no magnetic field exists between spiral planes.  In the case of unlike poles facing, magnetism is caused by the exterior ambient field.  Though it seems like an attracted effect, it is caused by the exterior field.
        If one were to flip the orientation of one spiral of this couplet, say the right-hand spiral, since its standing wave is then coming from the opposite direction than before, the the field is deformed as its surfaces become twisted between spirals.  In this case, the two spirals are driven apart,  hence the rule that like poles repel.  If one could see the surfaces by looking down the axis joining each spiral, the surfaces would appear as helixes inside a tube somewhat greater than the radii of the orbiting simple wave, but greatly normalized outside this tube.  This is called a micro twist.  It is a region defined by these processes, and though its diameter is defined and finite, its length is variable and in some cases indeterminate, such as in the case of the previous couple.  Any micro twist in the exterior regions may loop into any other micro twists, some of which may be emanating from the other spiral, thus creating a closed loop, such as in toroidal micro twists.

    In each of these examples, because we are not dealing with gross material properties, but very small sources of magnetism, such as an electron, the resultant field twisting is called a micro twist.  A micro twist is the finest portion of the field associated to this phenomenon of field twisting, as the principle cause of magnetism, in various materials.  The largest micro twists would be associated with molecular magnetic sources.
    Presumably, the largest of the micro twist, what might be called macro twists, correspond to the largest sources of magnetism in matter, such as molecules, with diameters closely matching the diameters of orbital electrons causing the magnetism, the smallest micro twists corresponding to electrons themselves, with proton or anti-proton micro twists being somewhat larger.  Gross electrical currents of a toroid, do not produce micro twist, but rather cause, as demonstrated earlier, general field twisting and distortion.
    Micro twists are field structures in the most liberal sense of the word and tubular shaped forms at a functional level.  In other words, direct perception of the field does not reveal these forms since they in themselves are merely field distortions.  However, their influence upon simple waves in orbit can be directly associated to the presence and influence of tubular forms as rational abstractions, which is much in keeping with the scientist's logical correspondence to forces in general, such as gravitation, which relates to a spherically symmetrical relationship around mass objects.